Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Clinical Management, and Prevention of Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Cats

Abstract

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a highly contagious parvovirus that poses a serious threat to both domestic and wild felids. Primarily targeting rapidly dividing cells, FPV leads to marked leukopenia, severe enteritis, and cerebellar hypoplasia in perinatal infections. Transmission occurs mainly via the fecal–oral route, while contaminated objects (fomites) contribute significantly to shelter outbreaks. Clinical suspicion, supported by hematology, biochemistry, antigen testing, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathology, forms the basis of diagnosis. As no antiviral therapy exists, management remains supportive, centered on fluid resuscitation, antimicrobial and antiemetic therapy, nutritional support, and immunomodulation. Prevention relies heavily on timely vaccination with modified live vaccines, reinforced by strict biosecurity and sanitation measures. A coordinated approach that integrates early detection, intensive supportive care, and effective prevention is critical to mitigating the high morbidity and mortality associated with feline panleukopenia.